SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Slow-wave potential</title>

</head>

Slow-wave potential

</h1>

</header>

A slow-wave potential is a rhythmic electrophysiological event in the <a href="Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>. The normal conduction of slow waves is one of the key regulators of gastrointestinal motility.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Slow waves are generated and propagated by a class of pacemaker cells called the <a href="Interstitial_cell_of_Cajal" title="Interstitial cell of Cajal">interstitial cells of Cajal</a>, which also act as intermediates between <a href="Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> and <a href="Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Slow waves generated in interstitial cells of Cajal spread to the surrounding smooth muscle cells and control motility.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

In the human <a href="Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">enteric nervous system</a>, the slow-wave threshold is the slow-wave potential which must be reached before a slow wave can be propagated in <a href="Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> of the gut wall. When the amplitude of slow waves in smooth muscle cells reaches the slow-wave threshold — the L-type Ca2+ channels are activated, resulting in calcium influx and initiation of motility.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Slow waves are generated at unique intrinsic frequencies by the interstitial Cajal cells, even within the same organ. <a href="Entrainment_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrainment (physics)">Entrainment</a> of these different intrinsic frequencies through electrical coupling allows these unique intrinsic frequencies to occur at a single frequency within the stomach and segments of the small intestine. Electron microscopic and dye coupling studies to date have confirmed gap junctions as the major coupling mechanisms between interstitial cells of Cajal.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

Coupling between ICC and smooth muscle cells is uncertain. Gap junctions have been demonstrated in rare circumstances as one coupling mechanism between ICC and smooth muscle cells.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Another potential coupling mechanism is the "Peg and Socket" theory which demonstrates that the membranes of smooth muscle cells have the ability either form physical narrow "sockets" or "pegs" to lock onto other smooth muscle cells and/or interstitial cells of Cajal.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

Gastric slow waves occur at around 3 cycles-per-minute in humans and exhibit significance variances in both amplitudes and propagation velocities in the stomach<a href="#cite_note-o'grady_2010-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-egbuji_2010-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-lammers_2009-10">[10]</a> due to the existence of a gradient of resting membrane <a href="Potential_gradient" title="Potential gradient">potential gradient</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> interstitial cells of Cajal distributions, and gastric wall thickness. Gastric slow wave frequency, propagation velocity, and amplitude demonstrate significant inter-species differences. Extracellular bioelectrical recording studies have demonstrated that gastric slow waves originate from a pacemaker region located on the greater curvature of the stomach.<a href="#cite_note-o'grady_2010-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-egbuji_2010-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-lammers_2009-10">[10]</a> Human gastric slow waves propagate slower in the corpus than in the pacemaker region and antrum of the stomach.<a href="#cite_note-o'grady_2010-8">[8]</a> Up to four simultaneous slow wave wavefronts can occur in the human stomach.

Intestinal slow waves occur at around 12 cycles-per-minute in the <a href="Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, and decreases in frequency towards the colon.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Entrainment of intestinal slow waves forms "frequency plateaus" in a piece-wise manner along the intestine. Similar to the stomach, intestinal slow waves frequency, propagation velocity, and amplitude also demonstrate significant inter-species differences.

In <a href="Uterine_smooth_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine smooth muscle">uterine smooth muscle</a>, slow waves have not been consistently observed. Uterine muscle seems to generate action potentials spontaneously.<a href="#cite_note-aguilar2010-14">[14]</a>

In gastrointestinal smooth muscle, the slow-wave threshold can be altered by input from endogenous and exogenous innervation, as well as excitatory (<a href="Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> and <a href="Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a>) and inhibitory (<a href="Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> and <a href="Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>) compounds.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFHuizingaLammers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Huizinga, J. D.; Lammers, W. J. E. P. (2008). "Gut peristalsis is governed by a multitude of cooperating mechanisms". AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 296 (1): G1–8. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.90380.2008">10.1152/ajpgi.90380.2008</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18988693">18988693</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHananiFarrugiaKomuro2004" class="citation book cs1">Hanani, Menachem; Farrugia, Gianrico; Komuro, Terumasa (2004). Intercellular Coupling of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Digestive Tract. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 242. pp. 249–82. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2804%2942006-3">10.1016/S0074-7696(04)42006-3</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-364646-0</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15598471">15598471</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThorneloeNelson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Thorneloe, Kevin S.; Nelson, Mark T. (2005). "Ion channels in smooth muscle: Regulators of intracellular calcium and contractility". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 83 (3): 215–42. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fy05-016">10.1139/y05-016</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15870837">15870837</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHoriguchiKomuro1998" class="citation journal cs1">Horiguchi, K; Komuro, T (1998). "Ultrastructural characterization of interstitial cells of Cajal in the rat small intestine using control and Ws/Ws mutant rats". Cell and Tissue Research. 293 (2): 277–84. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004410051119">10.1007/s004410051119</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9662650">9662650</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26179257">26179257</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZamirHanani1990" class="citation journal cs1">Zamir, O.; Hanani, M. (1990). "Intercellular dye-coupling in intestinal smooth muscle. Are gap junctions required for intercellular coupling?". Experientia. 46 (10): 1002–5. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01940654">10.1007/BF01940654</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2226711">2226711</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30692665">30692665</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIshikawaKomuro1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ishikawa, Koichi; Komuro, Terumasa (1996). "Characterization of the interstitial cells associated with the submuscular plexus of the guinea-pig colon". Anatomy and Embryology. 194 (1): 49–55. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00196314">10.1007/BF00196314</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8800422">8800422</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23410156">23410156</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThunebergPeters2001" class="citation journal cs1">Thuneberg, Lars; Peters, Susan (2001). "Toward a concept of stretch-coupling in smooth muscle. I. Anatomy of intestinal segmentation and sleeve contractions". The Anatomical Record. 262 (1): 110–24. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0185%2820010101%29262%3A1%3C110%3A%3AAID-AR1016%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0">10.1002/1097-0185(20010101)262:1<110::AID-AR1016>3.0.CO;2-0</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11146434">11146434</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34906117">34906117</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-o'grady_2010-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-o'grady_2010_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-o'grady_2010_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-o'grady_2010_8-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFO'GradyDuChengEgbuji2010" class="citation journal cs1">O'Grady, G.; Du, P.; Cheng, L. K.; Egbuji, J. U.; Lammers, W. J. E. P.; Windsor, J. A.; <a href="Andrew_John_Pullan" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew John Pullan">Pullan, A. J.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950696">"Origin and propagation of human gastric slow-wave activity defined by high-resolution mapping"</a>. AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 299 (3): G585–92. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.00125.2010">10.1152/ajpgi.00125.2010</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950696">2950696</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20595620">20595620</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-egbuji_2010-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-egbuji_2010_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-egbuji_2010_9-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFEgbujio’GradyDuCheng2010" class="citation journal cs1">Egbuji, J. U.; o’Grady, G.; Du, P.; Cheng, L. K.; Lammers, W. J. E. P.; Windsor, J. A.; <a href="Andrew_John_Pullan" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew John Pullan">Pullan, A. J.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110485">"Origin, propagation and regional characteristics of porcine gastric slow wave activity determined by high-resolution mapping"</a>. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 22 (10): e292–300. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2982.2010.01538.x">10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01538.x</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110485">4110485</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20618830">20618830</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lammers_2009-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lammers_2009_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lammers_2009_10-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLammersVer_DonckStephenSmets2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lammers, W. J. E. P.; Ver Donck, L.; Stephen, B.; Smets, D.; Schuurkes, J. A. J. (2009). "Origin and propagation of the slow wave in the canine stomach: The outlines of a gastric conduction system". AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 296 (6): G1200–10. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.90581.2008">10.1152/ajpgi.90581.2008</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19359425">19359425</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFarrugiaLeiLinMiller2003" class="citation journal cs1">Farrugia, G.; Lei, S.; Lin, X.; Miller, S. M.; Nath, K. A.; Ferris, C. D.; Levitt, M.; Szurszewski, J. H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166269">"A major role for carbon monoxide as an endogenous hyperpolarizing factor in the gastrointestinal tract"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (14): 8567–70. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.8567F">2003PNAS..100.8567F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1431233100">10.1073/pnas.1431233100</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166269">166269</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12832617">12832617</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAngeliO'GradyPaskaranandavadivelErickson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Angeli, Timothy R; O'Grady, Gregory; Paskaranandavadivel, Niranchan; Erickson, Jonathan C; Du, Peng; <a href="Andrew_John_Pullan" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew John Pullan">Pullan, Andrew J</a>; Bissett, Ian P; Cheng, Leo K (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644654">"Experimental and Automated Analysis Techniques for High-resolution Electrical Mapping of Small Intestine Slow Wave Activity"</a>. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 19 (2): 179–91. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5056%2Fjnm.2013.19.2.179">10.5056/jnm.2013.19.2.179</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644654">3644654</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23667749">23667749</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLammersStephen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lammers, W. J. E. P.; Stephen, B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2007.039180">"Origin and propagation of individual slow waves along the intact feline small intestine"</a>. Experimental Physiology. 93 (3): 334–46. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2007.039180">10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039180</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18156170">18156170</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-aguilar2010-14"><a href="#cite_ref-aguilar2010_14-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAguilarMitchell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Aguilar, H. N.; Mitchell, B. F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmq016">"Physiological pathways and molecular mechanisms regulating uterine contractility"</a>. Human Reproduction Update. 16 (6): 725–44. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmq016">10.1093/humupd/dmq016</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20551073">20551073</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Pathophysiology. Porth. 7th Ed. pg.875–878

</li>

</ol></div></div>

Textbook of Medical Physiology - Gyton and Hall (12th edition)

</div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-11" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Slow-wave_potential&oldid=1295116918">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>